About the author: Daniel Davis is a master in Literature at California University. He is currently working as one of the best writers at the place where you can find https://bestwritingservice.co.uk/top-flight-ib-extended-essay.html He also studies male psychology.

In a health research, determinants for the health results are realized through the application of the descriptive epidemiology. It refers to a generation of hypotheses regarding correlations between exposures and outcomes and through application of the analytical epidemiology. A correlation is derived from the situation when the participants with particular exposures have a greater probability of developing particular outcome. Key Activities and Terminologies Vulnerable populations. These are the categories of people with particular characteristics who determine the level of associated risks. They are mostly categorized regarding age, culture, education, ethnicity, income, mental health, and race (National Public Health Performance Standards Program, 2007). Vital statistics. Data derived from the birth and death reports, as well as marriage reports, among other related reports. Underserved populations refer to the groups of people with particular barriers to health care systems. These groups include the underinsured and the socially disadvantaged people such as people living below the poverty level. Screening is the utilization of technologies and procedures to distinguish between individuals with signs or symptoms of a disease from the unaffected categories. Risk factor refers to individual features of societal conditions that tend to heightened possibility of development of problems (National Public Health Performance Standards Program, 2007). Risk Assessment is a scientific process that seeks to evaluate unfavorable effects that are generated by lifestyle or human activity, with the aim of deriving accurate information regarding public health challenges. Mortality is the measure of incidences of deaths within a population. Morbidity refers to the illness that occurs as a result the disease or injury. Indicator is the variable that assists in measuring changes, either directly or indirectly and makes it possible to evaluate the success of a program. Incidence refers to a number of new events in a defined population within a specific period. Evidence refers to the facts that support a conclusion of cases of a given disease in intemperance of the usual level within a particular geographic area. Epidemiology refers to the study of the frequencies and forms of illnesses and injuries within a category of people and the factors influencing their distribution. Disease is a condition of dysfunction of organs or its systems, resulting in reduced quality of life. Chronic disease: A type of disease that permanently affects an individual, making them residually disabled, and mainly caused by nonreversible pathological modification. CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention) is a component of the department of health and human services and offers leadership and funding as a move to prevent and control diseases. Application of the biological statistical procedures I have applied the biological and statistical procedures in finding the approximate number of population affected by HIV in my state. I managed to derive the approximate value by using the statistical findings released by CDC and relate it with the population estimates. Considering the given figures, I was able to compare the figures with the figures from other states and discover the most vulnerable population within the state. Furthermore, the biological statistical procedures have been employed to categorize previous findings regarding the prevalence of the spread of the HIV virus among different races within the state. For instance, in Los Angeles, more than 2% of the patients infected with the HIV virus by 2014, have been affected by related diseases such as sexually transmitted diseases (County of Los Angeles Public Health, 2014). From the 2014 findings, this number translates into a 1.5% increase from the 2012 results. Considering this finding, I was able to evaluate the rate of sexually transmitted diseases among the populations living in the city. I applied the findings given in the report to categorize the rate of spread of the infection among the races residing in the city. I analyzed the 2013 findings and confirmed that the highest rates of the HIV diagnoses are found among the African Americans, followed by the Spanish and the Whites. Later, I analyzed these rates and discovered that even though the rates may still be high; there is a remarkable reduction in the number of infections among the African American males and females. Furthermore, I was concerned with the kind of care given to the affected according to the races. My biostatistical analysis confirmed that at least 79% of the people infected by the virus obtain timely care, whereas more than 50% of the infected retained the care given. Below is a graphical representation of my finding according to races. Figure 1: Rates of HIV Diagnoses among the adult males and Females by Race in Los Angeles City, 2008-2014 (Rates per 100,000) Figure 2: Linkage of the infected persons with HIV in Los Angeles City, 2008-2014 To measure validity, it is essential to repeat the study using the same variables and compare the results. A consistent variable derives findings data whereas an inconsistent variable derives invalid findings. I have employed relative frequency methods of assigning probabilities to derive probability for biostatical analysis. This method was used regarding the assumption made basing on the outcomes. In my case, I used past statistics to derive the probability of the events of interest in the study. To derive the rate of the spread of the HIV virus within the city for the year 2016, I utilized the total number of the infected people in 2014 as 1,820 and the estimated number of infected people by 2016 as 52, 280. Then, I estimated the relative frequency as 1820/52280 to derive 0.03, which is assumedly 3%. I have proposed solutions to the public health problems based on the findings from the biostatistical methods found. Using past findings of the disease, I generated a hypothesis then started to test it. From the studies conducted, in cases where the hypotheses have come true, then I have continued and given suggestions regarding the solutions from the study. In other cases, I have compared previous findings with the prevalence of the diseases and suggested practical approaches, based on the suggestions of the previous researchers. In finding the average weight of all players of a football team, I would select randomly ten players and weigh them. The mean weight of the ten players would be the point estimate. In the case, where the 90 percent confidence interval is to be calculated in a population weight, the confidence interval is about the corresponding weight of the upper and lower class limits within a 90% area at the center of the distribution. Standard error depicts the association between the dispersion of the samples means around the mean of the population (Sullivan, 2012). In the mentioned examples, if the population standard deviation is finite, the standard error of the mean of the sample of ten players will tend to zero. This will only be true as the sample size increases since the population mean will tend to increase as well. The margin of error refers to the amount that usually allowed miscalculation of circumstances. It is derived from either the product of the critical value and the standard deviation or the product of the critical value and the standard error of the statistic (Sullivan, 2012). For instance, in a poll, there is a possibility of having a 98% margin of error within a confidence interval of 4.88 and 5.26. This implies that in case of repetition of the study, the same results can be obtained.